Diversity in Higher Education (21010) Stephen T. Yandle
Spring 1998  

Syllabus

  1. Views of Diversity, Non-Discrimination, and Affirmative Action
    1. Part 1
    2. Part 2
    3. Part 3
    4. Part 4
  2. Admissions
    1. Part 1
    2. Part 2
  3. Testing and Selection Criteria
  4. Financial Aid
  5. Student Law Experiences
    1. Part 1
    2. Part 2
  6. Placement
  7. Faculty Hiring
  8. Minority Scholarship
  9. Non-Discrimination and Religious Experience
  10. Conflict Among Allies
  11. Epilogue

 

I. A. Views of Diversity, Non-Discrimination, and Affirmative Action
A1-A21 Edward J. Littlejohn & Leonard S. Rubinowitz, Black Enrollment in Law Schools: Forward to the Past?, 12 T. Marshall L. Rev. 415 (1987)
1-8 Brown v. Board of Educ., 347 U.S. 483 (1954)
A-D Brown v. Board of Educ., 349 U.S. 294 (1955)
10-27 Herbert Wechsler, Toward Neutral Principles of Constitutional Law, 73 Harv. L. Rev. 1 (1959)
28-33 Charles L. Black, Jr., The Lawfulness of the Segregation Decisions, 69 Yale L.J. 421 (1960)
34-40 Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424 (1971)
41-51 Kenneth L. Karst & Harold W. Horowitz, Affirmative Action and Equal Protection, 60 Va. L. Rev. 955 (1974)
52-61 John Hart Ely, The Constitutionality of Reverse Racial Discrimination, 41 U. Chi. L. Rev. 723 (1974)
62-77 Owen M. Fiss, The Fate of An Idea Whose Time Has Come: Anti-discrimination in the Second Decade after Brown v. Board of Education, 41 U. Chi. L. Rev. 742 (1974)
Reserve Freeman, Legitimizing Racial Discrimination Through Anti-discrimination Law: A Critical Review of Supreme Court Doctrine, 62 Minn. L. Rev. 1049 (1978)
114-124 Alan D. Freeman, Antidiscrimination Law: A Critical Review, in The Politics of Law, A Progressive Critique 96-116 (Kairys ed., 1982)
125-162 Mari J. Matsuda, Looking to the Bottom: Critical Legal Studies and Reparations, 22 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 323 (1987)

 

I. B. Views of Diversity, Non-Discrimination, and Affirmative Action
App. 3-81 Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978)
Reserve United Steelworkers v. Weber, 443 U.S. 193 (1979)
1-15 Thomas Sowell, Weber and Bakke, and the Presuppositions of "Affirmative Action", 26 Wagner L. Rev. 1309 (1980)
16-34 David A. Strauss, The Myth of Colorblindness, 1986 Sup. Ct. Rev. 99
52-72 Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229 (1976)
Reserve Charles R. Lawrence, The Id, the Ego, and Equal Protection: Reckoning with Unconscious Racism, 39 Stan. L. Rev. 317 (1987)
Reserve David A. Strauss, Discriminatory Intent and the Taming of Brown, 56 U. Chi. L. Rev. 935 (1989)
Reserve Fullilove v. Klutznik, 448 U.S. 448 (1980)
220-236 Drew S. Days, III, Fullilove, 96 Yale L.J. 453 (1987)

 

I. C. Views of Diversity, Non-Discrimination, and Affirmative Action
Reserve Wygant v. Jackson Bd. of Educ., 476 U.S. 267 (1986)
Reserve Local 28, Sheet Metal Workers' Int'l Ass'n v. EEOC, 478 U.S. 421 (1986)
70-80 Kathleen M. Sullivan, Sins of Discrimination: Last Term's Affirmative Action Cases, 100 Harv. L. Rev. 78 (1986)
81-111 Johnson v. Transportation Agency, 480 U.S. 616 (1987)
Reserve United States v. Paradise, 480 U.S. 149 (1987)
Reserve Watson v. Fort Worth Bank & Trust, 487 U.S. 977 (1988)
150-175 City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469 (1989)
Reserve Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, 490 U.S. 642 (1989)
188-191 Laurence H. Tribe, Constitutional Scholars' Statement on Affirmative Action After City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 98 Yale L.J. 1711 (1989)
192-198 Charles Fried, Affirmative Action After City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.: A Response to the Scholars' Statement, 99 Yale L.J. 155 (1989)
Reserve Robert Belton, The Dismantling of the Griggs Disparate Impact Theory and the Future of Title VII: The Need for a Third Reconstruction, 8 Yale L. & Pol'y Rev. 223 (1990)
217-226 Charles Stephen Ralston, Court vs. Congress: Judicial Interpretation of the Civil Rights Acts and Congressional Response, 8 Yale L. & Pol'y Rev. 205 (1990)

 

I. D. Views of Diversity, Non-Discrimination, and Affirmative Action
Reserve Metro Broad., Inc. v. FCC, 497 U.S. 547 (1990)
1-10 Timothy D. Loudon, The Civil Rights Act of 1991: What Does It Mean and What Is Its Likely Impact?, 71 Neb. L. Rev. 304 (1992)
Reserve James Forman, Jr., Victory by Surrender: The Voting Rights Amendments of 1982 and the Civil Rights Act of 1991, 10 Yale L. & Pol'y. Rev. 133 (1992)
11-24 Nancy Lee Jones, Overview and Essential Requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act, 64 Temple L. Rev. 471 (1991)
25-32 Michael B. Laudor, Disability and Community: Modes of Exclusion, Norms of Inclusion, and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 43 Syracuse L. Rev. 929 (1992)
33-53 Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200 (1995)
54-55 Post-Adarand summary

 

II. A. Admissions
1-14 Summers, Preferential Admissions: An Unreal Solution to a Real Problem, 1970 U. Tol. L. Rev. 377
15-25 Graglia, Special Admission of the "Culturally Deprived" to Law School, 119 U. Pa. L. Rev. 351 (1970)
22-25 Bell, In Defense of Minority Admissions Programs: A Response to Professor Graglia, 119 U. Pa. L. Rev. 364 (1970)
26-30 Fleming & Pollak, An Exchange of Letters: The Black Quota at the Yale Law School, 19 The Public Interest 44 (1970)
31-50 DeFunis v. Odegaard, 416 U.S. 312 (1974)
51-68 Hopwood v. Texas, 78 F.3d. 932 (5th Cir. 1996)

 

II. B. Admissions
Reserve Law School Admission Services, Minority Databook: Minority Participation in Legal Education and the Profession - A Compendium of Data (1990). [Chapters I-IV]
1-13 Days, Minority Access to Higher Education in the Post-Bakke Era, 55 U. Colo. L. Rev. 491 (1984)
Reserve Hernandez, "Other Hispanics:" Developing Appropriate Standards for Preferential Admission Programs (1990) (unpublished paper for Diversity in Higher Education seminar at Yale Law School)
Reserve Jan, Asian Americans and Law School Admissions: Implications for Affirmative and Diversity (1990) (unpublished paper for Diversity in Higher Education seminar at Yale Law School)
Reserve Hassan & Reynolds, Working Class Students at Selective Colleges: Where Have They Gone, 146 The College Board Review 4 (Winter 1987-1988)
Reserve Law School Admission Services, Miscellaneous reports and summaries

 

III. Testing and Selection Criteria
1-68 Turnbull et al., Law School Admission: A Descriptive Study, in Reports of LSAC Sponsored Research: Volume II, 1970-1974 265 (Law School Admission Council, 1976)
69-101 Klitgaard, Choosing Elites chs. 4-5 and app. 2 (1985)
Reserve Cleary, Test Bias: Prediction of Grades of Negro and White Students in Integrated Colleges, 5 J. of Educ. Measurement 2, 116 (1968)
Reserve Bartlett & O'Leary, A Differential Prediction Model to Moderate the Effects of Heterogeneous Groups in Personal Selection and Classification, 22 Pers. Psychol. 12 (1969)
Reserve Darlington, Another Look at "Cultural Fairness", 3 J. of Educ. Measurement 2, xx (1971)
Reserve Thorndike, Concepts of Culture - Fairness, 8 J. of Educ. Measurement 2, 71 (1971)
Reserve Cole, Bias in Selection, 10 J. of Educ. Measurement 4, 237 (1973)
Reserve Peterson & Novick, An Evaluation of Some Models for Culture-Fair Selection, 13 J. of Educ. Measurement 1, 3 (1976)
102-124 White, Culturally Bias Testing and Predictive Invalidity: Putting Them on the Record, 14 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 89 (1979)
125-154 Wrightman & Muller, An Analysis of Differential Validity and Differential Prediction for Black, Mexican American, Hispanic, and White Law School Students, Law School Admission Council Research Report 90-03 (June 1990)
155-160 Hathoway, The Mythical Meritocracy of Law School Admissions, 34 J. Legal Educ. 86 (1984)
161-174 United States v. Fordice, 505 U.S. 717 (1992)
175-177 Yandle, The New LSAT: Fundamental Selection Issues Still Remain, 10 Lawyer Training and Hiring Report 8 (August 1990)
178-193 Murray, The Bell Curve (19xx) (excerpts)
194-204 Gould, xxx, New Yorker, xxx
Reserve Sharif v. New York State Educ. Dep't, 709 F. Supp. 345 (S.D.N.Y. 1989)
Reserve Connor & Vargyas, The Legal Implications of Gender Bias in Standardized Testing, 1992 Berkeley Women's L.J. 13
Reserve Watson, "Sex-Linked Differences in Letters of Recommendation", 10 Women and Language 2, 26 (19xx)
Reserve Law School Admission Service, Miscellaneous reports and summaries

 

IV. Financial Aid
1-36 John R. Kramer, Will Legal Education Remain Affordable, by Whom, and How?, 1987 Duke L.J. 240
37-57 Kramer, Who Will Pay the Piper or Leave the Check on the Table for the Other Guy?, 39 J. Legal Educ. 655 (1989)
58-63 Yarbrough, Minority Students and Debt: Limiting Limited Career Options, 39 J. Legal Educ. 697 (1989)
96-100 Flanagan v. President and Dirs. of Georgetown College, 417 F. Supp. 377 (D.D.C. 1976)
Reserve Guardians Ass'n v. Civil Serv. Comm'n of New York, 463 U.S. 582 (1983)
133-137 Department of Education Press Releases and Regulations, 1990 to 1994
139-141 Podberesky v. Kirwin, 956 F.2d. 52 (4th Cir. 1992) (and subsequent opinions)

 

V. A. Student Law Experiences
Reserve Kennedy, Legal Education as Training for Hierarchy, in The Politics of Law, A Progressive Critique 40-61 (Koirys ed., 1982)
Reserve Romero et al., The Legal Education of Chicano Students: A Study in Mutual Accommodation and Cultural Conflict, 5 Mex. L. Rev. 177 (1975)
Reserve Bell, Law School Exams and Minority-Group Student, Black L.J. 304 ()
Reserve Finke, Affirmative Action in Law School Academic Support Program, 39 J. Legal Educ. 55 (1989)
Reserve "Law School Admission and Graduation: Minority Student Experiences and Success Rates", Report of the Law School Admission Council/Law School Admissions Services for the Affirmative Action Committee of the Section of Legal Education and Admission to the Bar of the American Bar Association, January, 1986. [Part of appendices on reserve]
Reserve Miscellaneous Statistic, Section of Legal Education and Admission to the Bar of the American Bar Association, 1990 & 1994
Reserve Sanoski, The Law Review Selection Process: An Analysis of Its Disparate Impact on Minority Students, 7 L. & Ineq. J. 459 (1989)
Reserve Catherine Weiss & Louise Melling, The Legal Education of Twenty Women, 40 Stan. L. Rev. 1299 (1988)
Reserve Homer & Schwartz, Admitted but Not Accepted: Outsiders Take an Inside Look at Law School, 5 Berkeley Women's L.J. 1 (1990) (Appendix on reserve)
Reserve Lani Guinier et al., Becoming Gentlemen: Womens's Experiences at One Ivy League Law School, 143 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1 (1994)

 

V. B. Student Law Experiences
1-31 Mari J. Matsuda, Public Response to Racist Speech: Considering the Victim's Story, 87 Mich. L. Rev. 2320 (1989)
Reserve Suzanna Sherry, Speaking of Virtue: A Republican Approach to University Regulation of Hate Speech, 75 Minn. L. Rev. 933 (1991)
Reserve Doe v. University of Mich., 721 F. Supp. 852 (E.D. Mich. 1989)
Reserve UWM Post, Inc. v. Board of Regents, 774 F. Supp. 1163 (E.D. Wis. 1991), materials from University of Wisconsin Legal Affairs Office
Reserve Akhil Reed Amar, The Case of the Missing Amendments: R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 106 Harv. L. Rev. 124 (1992)
Reserve Report of the Committee to Study Freedom of Expression at Yale, 1989
82-138 Kay, George Orwell, Call Your Office () (unpublished manuscript) (excerpts)

 

VI. Placement
1-26 Vaughns, Toward Parity in Bar Passage Rates and Law School Performance: Exploring the Sources of Disparities Between Racial and Ethnic Groups, 16 T. Marshall L. Rev. 425 (1991)
27-33 Hishon v. King & Spalding, 467 U.S. 69 (1984)
34-43 Ezold v. Wolf, Block, Schorr & Solis-Cohen, 751 F. Supp. 1175 (E.D. Pa. 1990)
44-52 Judith S. Kaye, Women Lawyers in Big Firms: A Study in Progress Toward Gender Equality, 57 Fordham L. Rev. 111 (1988)
53-58 Miscellaneous including case studies from the Yale Law School Career Development Office
Reserve Minority Databook (see Section I) [Chapters VI, VII and Appendix]

 

VII. Faculty Hiring
Reserve Bruce & Swygert, The Law Faculty Hiring Process, 18 Hous. L. Rev. 215 (1981)
Reserve Borthwick & Schau, Gatekeepers of the Profession: An Empirical Profile of the Nation's Law Professors, 25 U. Mich. J.L. Reform 191 (1991)
Reserve Report of the Association of American Law Schools Special Committee on Recruitment and Retention of Minority Law Teachers (March 24, 1988)
75-91 Richard H. Chused, The Hiring and Retention of Minorities and Women on American Law School Faculties, 137 U. Pa. L. Rev. 537 (1988)
92-175 Calabresi, Diversity in Faculty Hiring () (unpublished paper)
176-189 Carter, "The Best Black and Other Tales", Reconstruction 6 (Winter 1990)
Reserve Chused, Faculty Parenthood: Law School Treatment of Pregnancy and Child Care, 35 J. Legal Educ. 568 (1985) [Access 2000(see Section I) (Chapter VII)]
210-216 University of Pa. v. EEOC, 493 U.S. 182 (1990)
217-224 Report of the Committee on the Recruitment an Retention of Minority Group Member on the Faculty at Yale
225-227 President's Statement on the "Recruitment and Retention of Minority Group Members on the Faculty at Yale"
  Minority Databook (see Section I) [Chapter 8].

 

VIII. Minority Scholarship
1-6 Bell, Strangers in Academic Paradise: Law Teachers of Color in Still White School, 20 U.S.F. L. Rev. 385 (1986)
7-16 Richard Delgado, The Imperial Scholar: Reflections on a review of a Civil Rights Literature, 132 U. Pa. L. Rev. 561 (1984)
17-26 Matsuda, Affirmative Action and Legal Knowledge: Planting Seeds in Plowed-Up Ground, 11 Harv. Women's L.J. 1 (1988)
27-64 Randall L. Kennedy, Racial Critiques of Legal Academia, 102 Harv. L. Rev.1745 (1989)
65-73 Richard Delgado, When A Story Is Just a Story: Does Voice Really Matter?, 76 Va. L. Rev. 95 (1990)
74-80 Strickland, Scholarship in the Academic Circus or the Balancing Act at the Minority Side Show, 20 U.S.F. L. Rev. 491 (1986)

 

IX. Non-Discrimination and Religious Exercise
1-16 Shelley K. Wessels, The Collision of Religious Exercise and Governmental Nondiscrimination Policies, 41 Stan. L. Rev. 1201 (1989)
17-56 Gay Rights Coalition v. Georgetown Univ., 536 A.2d 1 (D.C. 1987)

 

X. Conflict Among Allies
1-17 Patricia J. Williams, Alchemical Notes: Reconstructing Ideals from Deconstructed Rights, 22 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 401 (1987)
18-23 Dalton, The Faithful Liberal and Questions of Diversity, 12 Harv. Women's L.J. 1 (1989)
24-36 Menkel-Meadow, Feminist Legal Theory, Critical Legal Studies, and Legal Education or "The Fem-Crits Go to Law School", 38 J. Legal Educ. 61 (1988)

 

XI. Epilogue
1-13 Boswell, Jews, Bicycle Riders, and Gay People: The Determination of Social Consensus and Its Impact on Minorities, 1 Yale J.L. & Human. 205 (1989)
14-17 Vonnegut, "Harrison Bergeron"
18 Wallace Stevens, "Steel Against Intimation"


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